Open Book Test

I Intro (Leave Blank for Now)

The Great Depression plunged the American people into an economic crisis unlike any endured in this country before or since. The worst and longest downturn in our economic history threw  millions of hardworking individuals into poverty, and for more than a decade neither the free market nor the federal government was able to restore prosperity.

II Causes (The Causes of the Great Depression were: Over Speculation,Government Policy, and Unstable Economy

A. Over Speculation (Define... How It's Important):

• The assumption that property values would rise.
• In a sour economy, people loose their money and are unable to pay their loans and they loose money on their investments.

B. Government Policy:

• The general principles by which a government is guided in its management of public affairs, or the legislature in its measures. A general term used to describe all contracts of insurance.
• The execution of framework under which governmental and non-governmental organizations work to resolve one or more social, economic or political issues of a society. 

C. Unstable Economy:

        1. Uneven Prosperity:

• Not all people in the 20s were "roaring"; African Americans, farmers, and immigrants all faced some difficult times.
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        2. Overproduction:

• Overproduction of products; wheat.

• Farmers lost money due to too much produce and not enough consumers.

        3. Worker Issues / Farm Issues:

• Overproduction of crops, especially wheat.
• Dust Bowl destroyed many crops, forcing farmers to relocate.

III Effects

A. Poverty

• The state of being extremely poor.

B. Society

• As poverty levels worsened, crime rates increased; people were in need for essentials and the only way to receive them was by stealing.
• Suicide rates increased due to the rising poverty levels. People became deeply depressed because they felt that they had nothing during the depression time.

C. World: Changes in Quarters

• United States: Depression began in 1929-3, recovery began in 1933-2.
• Germany: Depression began in 1928-1,recovery began in 1932-3.
• Japan: Depression began in 1930-1, recovery began in 1932-3.
• Poland: Depression began in 1929-1, recovery began in 1933-2.

IV Solutions

A. Hoover

        1. Volunteerism

• The use or involvement of volunteer labor.

         2. Public Works

• The work of building such things as roads, schools, and reservoirs, carried out by the government for the community.

        3. Hawley Smoot

•  Law enacted in June 1930 which caused an increase in import duties by as much as 50%. The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act goal was to increase U.S. farmer protection against agricultural imports.

        4. RFC

• Reconstruction Finance Corporation
• An independent agency of the United States government, established and chartered by the US Congress in 1932, Act of January 22, 1932, c. 8, 47 Stat. 5, during the administration of President Herbert Hoover.  

B. Roosevelt

        1. New Deal

a. Alphabet Soup

            -Example:HOLC (Home Owner's Loan Corporation)- to help homeowners pay their       mortgages.

            -Example:FCA (Farm Credit ADministration)- to begin helping farmers refinance their mortgages.

            -Example:CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps)- combination of Roosevelt's love for nature and commitment to conservation with the need to help the unemployed. 

            -Example:SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission)- to regulate the stock market and prevent fraud. 

b. Criticsim?

-Predictably, Roosevelt’s New Deal came under attack from the right, from Republicans, conservative Democrats, bankers, and Wall Street financiers who claimed that it doled out too many federal handouts. 

         2. 2nd New Deal

a. Franklin Delano Roosevelt -  32nd U.S. president; reelected in 1936; brought Second New Deal programs and policy through Congress

b. The second New Deal was the legislation that Roosevelt and Congress passed between 1935 and 1938.

c. The Second New Deal legislation relied more heavily on the Keynesian style of deficit spending than the First New Deal did.

V Criticism

A. Political Criticism (Ex. Came from both the Republicans and the Democrats)

-Predictably, Roosevelt’s New Deal came under attack from the right, from Republicans, conservative Democrats, bankers, and Wall Street financiers who claimed that it doled out too many federal handouts. 

B. Conservatives

• Critics began to feared the idea of the evolving programs and policies because they believed they would lead America towards socialism and destruction.

C. Liberals (Ex: Critizised the New Deal also, they....)

Ex: Soviet agents in the United States went so far as to launch a “popular front” campaign to actively support the president.

Ex: Moreover, an unprecedented number of people joined the American Communist Party during the decade.

VI Effectiveness

A. Changes in US

• Roosevelt altered his polices in order to assist the American need for federal relief assistance.
• Job and bank problems decreased.
• Public Trust became more visible to the government.

B.Unions

• The court-packing scheme took a severe toll on Roosevelt's popularity and marked the beginning of the end of the New Deal.

C. Culture 

• Marriages were delayed as many males waited until they could provide for a family before proposing to a prospective spouse. Divorce rates dropped steadily in the 1930s.
• More and more Americans learned about birth control to avoid the added expenses of unexpected children.
• Mass Migration reshaped the American mosaic.

VII Conclusion

 Programs to mend the nation-its finances, resources, and people-were put in place.  As the despair of the Great Depression finally wained, the American people, once again, faced an exceptional challenge-WWII.

Carl Sandburg

       Born on January 6, 1878, Carl August Sandburg was a three time Pulitzer Prize winner in 1919, 1940 and 1951. Nicknamed "Charles" or "Charlie" during elementary years, Sandburg was born to a man and woman both of Swedish ancestry, Clara Mathilda and August Sandburg. His birthplace was in a three-room cottage located at 313 East Third Street in Galesburg, Illinois. At thirteens years young Sandburg dropped school and began driving a milk wagon. Once reaching the age of fourteen Sandburg started working as a porter at the Union Hotel barbershop in Galesburg until he was about seventeen or eighteen. Proceeding that job he worked on the milk route for another eighteen months. He then became a bricklayer and a farm laborer on the wheat plains of Kansas. The start of his writing career was being a journalist for Chicago Dailey News. At a later date he wrote  poetry, history, biographies, novels, children's literature, and film reviews. Sandburg also had a collection of books of ballards and folklore, in which he would edit.
        In later years, Sandburg met Lilian Steichen at the Social Democratic Party office in 1907. The following year they were united in marriage. Lilian's brother was the photographer Edward Steichen. Sandburg raised three daughters with his wife, whom he called Paula. Sandburg composed three children's books in Elmhurst, Rootabaga Stories, in 1922, followed by Rootabaga Pigeons (1923), and Potato Face (1930). Sandburg also wrote a literally composition named Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years, a two-volume biography in 1926, The American Songbag (1927), and a book containing poems called Good Morning, America (1928). In 1919 Sandburg became victorious by recieveing his first Pulitzer Prize "made possible by a special grant from The Poetry Society" for his collection Corn Huskers. 1940 was the year he won his second Pulitzer Prize of History for The War Years, the second volume of his Abraham Lincoln, and a second Poetry Pulitzer in 1951 for Complete Poems. 
         On February 12, 1959, in commemorations of the 150th anniversary of Abraham Lincoln's birth, Congress attended a joint session to hear actor Fredric March preform a dramatic reading of the Gettysburg Address, followed by an address by Sandburg. As of the year 2013, Sandburg is the only famous poet to have ever been invited and to have attended a joint sessions out on by Congress.
          On July 22, 1967 Carl "Charlie" August Sandburg died of natural causes in his North Carolina home. His ashes were returned by request of Sandurg to his birthplace. His finally resting place is under the Rememberance Rock, a largely colored granite boulder, in the Sandburg Park behind his birth house. 10 years following his death, his wife's remains were placed upon side of Carl Sandburg's.

Source: http://carl-sandburg.com/biography.htm

World War I M.A.I.N Causes

Describe and define the four MAIN causes of WWI.

 Militarism: The theory of a government or people that a country should preserve the strength and capability of the military and should be open minded to the concept of using aggression to promote nationalist interests. Militarism lead to World War I because of the time due to strengthen a nations military in order to be ready for a major war.

Alliances: A union created to formulate mutual relationships. This lead to World War I because of the secret alliances created by the in-between countries. Austria-Hungary were alliances of Germany, and when they invaded Serbia, Germany decided to attack France, and invaded Belgium to finish their plans. This caused France and Russia to declare war against Germany. Britain was an alliance of Belgium, therefore they also declared war against Germany for the invasion of Belgium.

Imperialism: An extension of a country's dominance and influence through diplomacy or force. Before the war began the British Empire had great strength. Germany's determination to increase their economy was being interrupted by British policies of exclusion. 

Nationalism: Excessive pride for one's country. Countries built up their armies, added more weapons for more power, to show that they were better or deserved respect from the other countries. This made countries break from other countries or empires and become independent.

List, and define, and link to the start of the war.

What was the spark of war?

The spark that started World War I was the assassination of Austria's Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie. The assassination occurred on June 28, 1914 while Ferdinand was visiting the city of Sarajevo in the Austro-Hungarian province of Bosnia-Herzegovina.

Put in order, and explain, each of the following; include the date.

Lusitania: May 7, 1915

The British ocean liner was sunk on May 7, 1915, killing 1,198 out of the 1,959, 128 of which where Americans. The ocean liner was hit and sunk by the German U-boats. This enraged Americans, leading them to enter the war.

Sussex Pledge: May 4, 1916

The German government undertook the Sussex Pledge, saying that they would give warning before the sinking of a merchant an/or passenger ship to ensure the safety of the passengers and crew.

Zimmerman Note: January 16, 1917

The Zimmerman Note was a secretive telegram sent to Mexico saying the they should enter the war in order to reclaim their loss land from the Mexican-American War, and that Germany would assist Mexico in the war.This disturbed the United States, causing anger towards Germany because they wanted to hurt the U.S, so they declared war on Germany.

Unrestricted Sub Warfare: February 1, 1917

Unrestricted submarine warfare is a type of naval warfare where submarines target and sink vessels. including freighters and tankers with no warning.